Coding, tabulating, and applying statistical tests to the data.
Sent to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire. Highly useful for large-scale surveys.
(Chaudhary Ramji Kothari) was a renowned Indian author and academician. His book “Research Methodology” is widely used in Indian universities and beyond. It’s known for its clarity, step-by-step approach, and extensive use of examples, tables, and diagrams — making it perfect for slide-based learning.
Every element has a known, non-zero chance of being selected (e.g., Simple Random, Stratified, Systematic, and Cluster sampling).
Introduction: Statement of the problem, objectives, and hypotheses. c r kothari research methodology ppt
In most cases, you cannot study an entire population. Instead, you select a "sample" (a smaller, representative group). You must decide whether to use probability sampling (random) or non-probability sampling (judgment-based). Step 6: Collecting the Data
Fresh data collected for the first time (e.g., via experiments, observation, interviews, questionnaires, or schedules).
Analyzing a causal relationship between variables. 2. Research Methods vs. Research Methodology
Before you begin gathering your own data, you must understand what has already been done in your field. This prevents duplication and provides theoretical backing for your hypotheses. Step 3: Developing Working Hypotheses Coding, tabulating, and applying statistical tests to the
: Basic concepts, Type I and Type II errors, and significance levels. Parametric Tests : Z-test, t-test, and F-test.
Kothari’s framework visualizes the research process as a series of closely related, interdependent activities. In a PPT layout, this is best represented as a flowchart containing these core steps:
If you cannot find a perfect ready-made deck, creating your own is superior. Here is a 5-step framework to build a Kothari-inspired Research Methodology PPT for your specific needs (e.g., a dissertation proposal or a class presentation).
Purposive selection of items based on researcher judgment. (Chaudhary Ramji Kothari) was a renowned Indian author
Research Methodology Intro PPT focuses on the 10-11 core steps of the research process as defined by Kothari.
This is the most crucial step. A problem well-stated is half-solved. It involves identifying the destination of the study.
Finally, Kothari emphasizes that research is useless if it isn't communicated. The Report Writing
Focus on determining frequency or accurately describing characteristics. Requires rigid, structured designs to minimize bias.
Data Analysis: Findings, statistical presentations, and validations.